8. The opening sentences of
Flaubert’s
Bouvard et Pécuchet read: ‘Since the temperature was 33 degrees, boulevard Bourdon was completely deserted. Lower down, the inky water of the Saint-Martin canal, closed between its two locks, lay spread out in a straight line’ (Comme il faisait une chaleur de 33 degrés, le boulevard Bourdon se trouvait absolument désert. Plus bas, le canal Saint-Martin, fermé par les deux écluses, étalait en ligne droite son eau couleur d’encre). See Gustave Flaubert,
Oeuvres. L’éducation sentimentale. Trois contes. Bouvard et Pécuchet. Ed. A. Thibaudet and R. Dumesnil. Paris 1952, p. 713.
Van Gogh’s reference to the quai de la Villette (so that he locates the action considerably further to the north) was probably prompted by the fact that Flaubert also mentions the Saint Martin Canal. This canal is 6.6 km long and links the bassin de la Villette with the Seine, close to the scene of the action described by Flaubert. See Baedeker 1889-1, pp. 62, 190. Cf. Noll 1994, pp. 171-172.