1. Van Gogh is referring here to the type of old man he had recorded in his portraits of the postman Joseph Roulin; see letter 652, n. 7. Van Gogh also hoped to paint Roulin’s newborn daughter Marcelle. This passage is probably an allusion to the famous riddle from classical mythology that the sphinx of Thebes posed to Oedipus: ‘What goes on four feet in the morning, two feet at midday, and three feet in the evening? Man’.

2. See letter 664, n. 2, for Bernard’s stay in Pont-Aven.

3. Van Gogh is referring to the portrait of a gardener that he had painted about a week before, Patience Escalier (‘The peasant’) (F 443 / JH 1548 ).

4. In Nuenen in the first months of 1885, Van Gogh had drawn and painted dozens of heads of peasants in preparation for what he regarded as his ‘master piece’, The potato eaters (F 82 / JH 764 ).

5. If Van Gogh did send a drawing, it has not survived. The only known drawing after the portrait, Patience Escalier (‘The peasant’) (F 1460 / JH 1549 ), was sent to Theo with letter 663. Bernard probably did, though, get the drawing Patience Escalier (‘The peasant’) (F 1461 / JH 1564), since its provenance goes back to Ambroise Vollard, who bought many works by Van Gogh from Bernard between 1894 and 1905. However, that drawing was made after the second portrait of Escalier (F 444 / JH 1563 ) which dates from later in August (see letter 671) and so cannot be the one referred to here. Pickvance’s theory that that drawing was sent with a letter from Van Gogh to Bernard of about 5 September that is now lost is therefore plausible. See exhib. cat. New York 1984, p. 167.

6. There is a comparable notion about the similarity between a peasant and a wild animal in Sensier’s biography of Millet, which Van Gogh knew well. Writing of Millet’s attempts to depict the ‘type’, Sensier says: ‘He was not at all afraid to make room in his rustic compositions for figures that were rough-looking, whose individual nature was somewhat crude or at least unpolished, with an expression that seems to admit that the human being is not always so very superior to the animal’ (Il ne craignait point de donner place dans ses compositions rustiques à des figures d’un aspect rude, d’une individualité quelque peu grossière ou du moins mal dégrossie, d’une expression qui semble avouer que l’être humain n’est pas toujours prodigieusement au-dessus de l’animal). Sensier 1881, p. 355. Cf. exhib. cat. Paris 1998, p. 50.

7. Quay with sand barges (F 449 / JH 1558 ). The ‘purplish pink’ in the painting has probably discoloured.

8. This study is not known. It is not Thistles (F 447 / JH 1550 ), which does not have ‘a great swarm of butterflies’. See also letter 659, n. 6. There could be a connection with the drawing Thistles by the roadside (F 1466 / JH 1552), although there is no swarm of butterflies there either.

9. In his idea for a decorative scheme Van Gogh may have been influenced in part by Bernard, who had done something similar for his studio. See letter 596, n. 1. Van Gogh worked on his decoration for the studio and other rooms in the Yellow House from mid-August until the end of December 1888, starting with a series of paintings of sunflowers. He bore in mind the possibility that this integrated series (he spoke of an ‘ensemble’ and ‘a whole’) could be shown outside the Yellow House, and considered exhibiting it in the offices of the Revue Indépendante. He bought frames for a number of the paintings, see letter 673, n. 16, and framed the sunflower canvases himself with strips of wood (see letter 776). See Dorn 1990 for a reconstruction of the evolution of the decoration and possible sources of inspiration for it.

10. Here Van Gogh cites one of Bernard’s sources of inspiration in order to lend weight to his argument.

11. This form of address tells us that Van Gogh counted on Bernard’s showing the letter to Gauguin (and possibly other people too). See also letter 632, n. 24.

12. Van Gogh based his description of Giotto as ‘a sickly character’ on Henry Cochin, ‘Boccace d’après ses oeuvres et les témoignages contemporains’, Revue des Deux Mondes, 58 (15 July 1888), 3rd series, vol. 88, pp. 373-413. Cochin described Giotto as ‘ugly and sickly’ (laid et chétif) (p. 378). Cf. also letter 683, n. 18.

13. The sense of this sentence is not entirely clear. It is possible that Van Gogh intended to write ‘ainsi’ (so) instead of ‘ici’ (here), and it is also conceivable that he didn’t finish the sentence.

14. See letter 649, n. 15, for Rembrandts Self-portrait at the easel .